FPAN’s Public Archaeology Interns at the University of West Florida’s Department of Anthropology have completed excellent research into archaeological topics with a focus on public outreach and community engagement. Check them out!
Abstract: With the infusion of ethnographic research into the development of the Apalachicola River Maritime Heritage Trail (ARMHT), this research provides an effective methodology for making the past relevant through public interpretation and heritage tourism. Maritime heritage trails allow for the interpretation of multiple archeological, historical, and natural resources, while social research into the study area and potential trail users addresses the needs of contemporary communities. Researching the historical context, identifying available heritage resources, and visually assessing potential trail sites provided the foundation for establishing the Apalachicola River’s interpretation potential. Information from community observations, community participation, free listing, group interviews, and cultural informants illuminated public opinions and attitudes. Data from the focus group, pilot study, and the Apalachicola River Questionnaire (ARQ) established parameters for trail design, layout, interpretive content, and interpretive materials. By allowing ethnographic data to steer and guide each stage of the ARMHT model, this research was able to identify, adapt to, and address public wants and needs during the developmental stages. As demonstrated throughout this research, public interpretation of heritage resources that begins with community assessment creates the foundation for a successful and community-relevant heritage tourism product.
Public Education Component: Irina developed interpretive materials for cultural sites along the Apalachicola River, creating a ready-made Trail that can in future be hosted online or in print form.
Abstract: This thesis examined how a legend from the area around Crestview, Florida, permeated local society and became a social memory. The legend suggests that after a Civil War skirmish on the Yellow River, soldiers who died were buried in a mass grave in Old Bethel Cemetery and some believe, marked with a circle of coarse sandstone field stones. To explore the relationship between the field stones and the social memory, as well as the relationship between the social memory and the physical site of the field stones, oral history interviews, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and test excavations were conducted during the summer and fall of 2011. Using these methods to explore social memory, the goals of the project were not to prove or disprove the historical accuracy of the legend of the field stones story, but to explore how memory is grounded in a community through objects and place, as well as how a community’s social memory became a part of their heritage and identity.
Public Education Component: Tara led a cemetery preservation workshop at the Old Bethel Cemetery and delivered a series of presentations to the local community.
Abstract: The Gainer Historical/Mt. Pleasant Cemetery is located along the border of Washington and Bay Counties in Florida. An African American community has potentially utilized this out of the way space for ceremonial purposes since the arrival of settlers between 1824 and 1828. The cemetery remains an integral component in the cultural identity of the original population’s modern descendants. Even in its current incarnation, the cemetery contains evidence of the persistent use of old African-style customs, such as the utilization of traditional funerary material culture. Ground penetrating radar, interviews, and historical records indicate that the cemetery dates to a strong, family-focused post-bellum freedman community. The use of ceremonial graveside offerings from the cemetery’s past until today maintains a sense of community cohesion, history, and identity. The changing use and modern reincorporation of a ceremonial landscape by an African American community over time designates a strongly enforced habitus designed to reinforce an idea of community. The modern descendant community continues to replicate the community habitus and uses the information gathered for the project to promote their family’s story and sacred landscape to the broader Florida panhandle community.
Public Education Component: Melissa worked with the descendant family of the Gainer Cemetery to develop language for a sign and historical marker to be placed at the cemetery.
Abstract: Though human populations living along northwest Florida’s Gulf of Mexico coast have long utilized locally abundant marine resources, the formation of a red snapper fishing industry in Pensacola, Florida, brought marine resource exploitation in the region to an unprecedented level in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Along with other industries, commercial red snapper fishing in Pensacola underwent significant growth during this period and helped shape the port city’s new importance as a cosmopolitan, southern economic center. Utilizing a historical ecological approach, this thesis provides a multidisciplinary analysis of commercial fishing culture, commercial fishing vessels, and the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery to explore the dynamic relationship the industry held with the local environment. Additionally, archaeological and historical evidence provides the basis for a model describing the structural and material characteristics of potential Pensacola commercial red snapper fishing shipwrecks in the region.
Public Education Component: Nicole developed a traveling exhibit on the history and archaeology of northwest Florida’s red snapper fishing industry.
Abstract: The city of Pensacola, FL, has been attempting to create a heritage tourism industry for half a century but has never achieved the same level of success of some of the most notable destinations they were trying to emulate. This is, in part, due to a significant level of development in the historic district, much of which is now historic as well, combined with an impressively complex history concentrated in a relatively small area. If Pensacola, and any community in a similar situation, is to develop an effective heritage tourism program then a well-organized plan is needed. This paper presents a model, along with the most basic level of information required, for the development of an interpretive program in Downtown Pensacola which aims to provide the best possible results for the community, the tourist, and the archaeological resources.
Public Education Component: Tristan’s interpretive plan for downtown Pensacola is helping to inform future heritage tourism strategies.
Abstract: The main goal of this study is to analyze the effects of the Confederate raid of 1862 on the lumber industry of West Florida. This study established a baseline for the lumber industry, which showed a robust and successful industry prior to the raid. After the Confederate raid, the industry recovered, but never regained the prominence it possessed in 1860. This study also examined the raid’s impact on sawmills through terrestrial and maritime archaeological investigations at the Criglar, Batchelder, and Pooley Company sawmill; Pearce and Son Mill; and Hyer planing mill. A shovel test survey at the Hyer planing mill revealed an associated feature that displayed evidence of the Confederate raid. The two other sites did not produce any definitive archaeological evidence of the sawmills. Analysis of the three sawmill landscapes showed that the raid accelerated the industrial processes and adaptations at the sites.
Public Education Component: Brianna worked with Destination Archaeology Resource Center Museum Manager Mike Thomin to develop an exhibit about her project for the revolving exhibit space.
Abstract: This thesis assesses and further describes the late-prehistoric period in an understudied region of the Florida Panhandle, the Upper Chipola River Basin. Ceramic data from Lime Pit Cave (8JA121), Milton Plantation Site 1 (8JA160), Sam Smith Cave (8JA99), and Rettig East (8JA159) demonstrate an intense middle and late Fort Walton occupation. However, the presence of Lamar-like characteristics on typical Fort Walton ceramics indicate a late-stage cultural transition away from local and traditional modes of ceramic production. These evidences are compared with ceramic data from neighboring Fort Walton regions and are interpreted as material manifestations of participation between communities of potters. As a result, models for Fort Walton culture and cultural change in the Upper Chipola River Basin are proposed.
Public Education Component: Gregg developed a traveling exhibit on the prehistoric utilization of caves in Northwest Florida.
Abstract: The Civil War Battle of Natural Bridge was fought within miles of Tallahassee, Florida, in March of 1865. The site, which is now the Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park, was the subject of a historical and archaeological investigation incorporating documentary evidence,metal detection survey, trench excavations, LiDAR, and firearms identification analysis. The survey was conducted with the help of a wide range of volunteers and community stakeholders including students, members of Florida State Park Service, the local archaeological society, and Civil War reenactors. The results from the survey are being utilized to provide an updated analysis of the conflict which demonstrates how the Confederate forces expertly utilized the landscape to their tactical advantage. Additionally, this project can be used as a guide for on-site interpretation or future research involving the recent acquisition of the remainder of the battlefield.
Public Education Component: Janene involved volunteers as essential crew members during the archaeological field work, hosted information tables about the archaeology at several annual battle reenactments at the Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park, presented numerous public lectures to the nearby community, and developed an exhibit with Destination Archaeology Resource Center Museum Manager Mike Thomin about her research.
Abstract: The Arcadia Mill industrial complex of northwest Florida was once a thriving commercial enterprise that included over 100 enslaved individuals. In the southern uplands overlooking the industrial complex was the Simpson family “Big House” and a small population of domestic slaves. These slaves are scarcely documented in the historical record and little is known about their daily lives. This research is focused on a double pen cabin located in close proximity to the Big House and attempts to extract information from a portion of the site that has undergone both disturbance and reuse over a period of 170 years. Both shovel and auger test samples across the project area were analyzed to offer an updated interpretation of the structure. Archaeological evidence supports the presence of a swept front yard, though the boundaries of the space could not be conclusively determined. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) statistical analysis to isolate artifacts manufactured in the early 19th century, multiple activity areas within the yard were identified. Artifact distribution maps revealed a correlation between activity and the Big House viewshed. This finding combined with a ceramic analysis and consideration of landscape theory is used to assert that the original occupants of the cabin were likely domestic slaves who serviced the Big House.
Public Education Component: Katherine worked with Destination Archaeology Resource Center Museum Manager Mike Thomin to develop an exhibit about her project for the revolving exhibit space, which became part of the permanent exhibit at the Simpson House at UWF’s Arcadia Mill Archaeological Site.
Abstract: Despite promoting K-12 education initiatives for decades, public archaeologists struggle to reach precollegiate audiences due to archaeology’s absence in curriculum standards, a lack of qualified archaeology educators, and barriers within the school system. To investigate replicable and accessible methods of archaeology education and to better understand teacher needs and motivations, I created lesson plans which engage high school students in recording and researching historic cemeteries. Hands-on efforts are often excavation-based and limited by access to professional archaeologists; however, cemetery recording is nondestructive and offers students a chance to participate in project-based learning. Four educators from Santa Rosa County taught the materials to nine classes in Fall 2019 while I evaluated the lessons through surveys, guided observations, and summative interviews. The materials were revised based on results to ensure they are useful and useable. Every participant indicated the lessons are user-friendly, relevant, and meaningful. Administrative support, passionate teachers, and carefully crafted lessons contributed to programmatic success, indicating collaborative efforts from archaeological and educational professionals can produce hands-on archaeology programming that is mutually rewarding.
Public Education Component: Rachel’s research resulted in a new program offered through FPAN, Gravestone Research And Volunteer-based Education, or G.R.A.V.E. G.R.A.V.E. provides teachers with all the information, teaching modules, worksheets, instructions, and templates to conduct the cemetery lesson in their classroom.
Abstract: Qualitative minimum number of vessels (MNV) analysis views sherds as a whole vessel, the way people in the past used them. This thesis used qualitative MNV analysis on ceramic table and teaware sherds from British Barkley House/Parcel (8ES119/8ES2952) and Plaza Ferdinand (8ES981) features. Both sites are located in downtown Pensacola, Florida, and are the most extensively excavated civilian sites associated with the British period in Pensacola, 1763– 1781. The MNV analysis results were used to learn about civilian women’s lives in British Pensacola. Vessel results were combined with historical documents, such as Elizabeth Digby Pilot’s memoir, and compared to British sociocultural dining and food practices. This research revealed the importance of ceramic table and teaware to how women viewed themselves and their society in a new colonial capital. This thesis found that women used table and teaware in a similar manner to others in the British Empire. Women at the Barkley House/Parcel and Plaza Ferdinand invested money in individually purchased, expensive teaware vessels rather than more expensive tableware, and used this fashionable teaware to construct their identity and to perform British gentility. Tableware vessels were found to mostly be a less expensive ware type, but women purchased specialized function vessels. These vessels revealed women in British Pensacola’s strategic purchase of specific vessels, intimate knowledge of British dining customs, and practice of the customs in a new colonial capital.
Public Education Component: Megan worked with Destination Archaeology Resource Center Museum Manager Mike Thomin to develop an exhibit about her project for the revolving exhibit space.
Abstract: This study takes an intersectional approach, using archaeological and ethnographic evidence to further understand the processes of heritage-making. Through a semi-systematic literature review and a real-time case study this thesis assesses the gaps in the archaeology of enslavement in North America and with this assessment attempts to fill the gaps through archaeological investigations and ethnographic research. The case study for this thesis includes underwater geophysical surveys at Prospect Bluff, in Apalachicola, Florida, along with interviews with the local community. This thesis finds that marronage is a subject matter that is severely understudied in North American archaeology, and the interpretation and prioritization of Maroon historical narratives is beneficial in creating an equitable heritage for African Americans.
Public Education Component: Bria’s research involved the local African American community of Apalachicola in community conversations regarding the perception and valuation of heritage. She also worked with Destination Archaeology Resource Center director Michael Thomin to develop a traveling exhibit on the historical events and community of Prospect Bluff.
FPAN also provides occasional support for other graduate thesis research relevant to our mission at all of our host institutions:
Abstract: In 1866, the seat of Manatee County was moved to Pine Level, a newly-formed town in the wilderness of south Florida. By the 1880s, it contained stores, boardinghouses, churches, and government buildings. In 1887, Pine Level became DeSoto County’s first seat. However, when it lost county seat status to Arcadia only 18 months later, in 1888, Pine Level rapidly declined in population and importance, and eventually died out. The investigations of the Pine Level site detailed in this thesis were carried out as a public archaeology project, involving the DeSoto County Historical Society, University of South Florida, and the Florida Public Archaeology Network West Central Region. As a public archaeology project, one central goal of this work was to involve the local community in the fieldwork and ongoing research. The efforts of community volunteers, along with graduate and undergraduate students, were critical to several phases of this project, which is presented in this thesis. The second goal of the project was to learn as much as possible about the little-studied site of Pine Level and its inhabitants, and to contextualize its founding, growth, and downfall within the development of the south Florida region. Specifically, one goal was to learn more about the people who moved to this rural town, including their ethnicity, social status, livelihoods, and political outlook. The second research question was discovering how Pine Level had been spatially organized, whether this layout had changed over time, and what this spatial patterning could reveal about the town’s function within greater south Florida.The research presented in this thesis shows that Pine Level was the creation of a Republican politician, and that it functioned as an enclave of Republican power during the Reconstruction era. During this time, Pine Level’s growth was sluggish, and it remained unpopular with many citizens in Manatee County. It consisted of a few government buildings in the center of the town, but little else. However, with the fall of the Manatee County Republicans in 1876, Pine Level suddenly began to prosper, adding many new landowners and businesses. A distinct business district developed, and areas of the town near the major roads garnered particularly high prices. Artifact analysis shows that the income level of these newcomers was probably modest, but that they had access to consumer goods from across the United States and as far away as England. The town’s prosperity was short-lived, though. As detailed in this thesis, once Pine Level lost county seat status, it immediately began to decline, and businesses quickly moved to Arcadia. The town continued on as a small community through at least the first decade of the twentieth century, but eventually became a nothing more than a spot on a map.
Public Education Component: Involving the local community in fieldwork and ongoing research.
Abstract: Spanish Indian is a generic term that has been used repeatedly in written documents over the past three centuries to describe a range of different social, ethnic, and economic groups in the southeastern United States. In this thesis, a comparative analysis of the material culture from Cuban fishing ranchos of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries on the west coast of Florida addresses the ways in which specific Spanish Indian artifact assemblages fit into the archaeological record. Three archaeological assemblages from known rancho sites are detailed and analyzed. In addition, this thesis details a public archaeology project undertaken in conjunction with the Florida Public Archaeology Network, which led to the development of a traveling exhibit and public presentation on the origins of local place names. The thesis also provides suggestions for how historical archaeologists might contend with difficulties in determining and documenting identity at early historical sites in coastal Florida. The research undertaken for this thesis demonstrates a pressing need for additional data collection and research in the field. As it currently stands, however, the preliminary analysis conducted in this thesis indicates an economic basis for cultural interaction and intermarriage rather than an actual cultural synthesis, creolization, or ethnogenesis, which would imply shared cultural systems of belief and meaning. This thesis is also a proposal for a typology of ranchos. Through a cross-comparison of the similarities and differences in subsistence strategies and labor practices, a research design for rancho archaeology is outlined.
Public Education Component: Development of a traveling exhibit and public presentation on the origins of local place names.
Abstract: This historical and archaeological research assesses the construction methods and geographical placement of the Hammock Landing Battery (8LI334) in Liberty County, Florida. Landscape data and terrain analysis demonstrate the location of the battery conferred a tactical advantage to the Confederate military. Constructed during the summer of 1863, the Hammock Landing Battery mounted six heavy guns served by three powder magazines and was one component in the line of defense to prevent Federal blockading vessels from reaching the important industrial complex of Columbus, Georgia. Archaeological investigations allowed a comparison of its construction techniques with period engineering manuals. Although many of the dimensions of the excavated structural features differ from the archetype presented in contemporaneous manuals, they exhibit similar characteristics. Artifacts recovered from the site also shed light on the labor exerted during construction of the earthworks, as well as the types of ordnance stores available to Confederate troops in northern Florida.
Public Education Component: Brian developed and installed interpretive wayside signs at Torreya State Park, where the Hammock Landing Battery is located.
Abstract: Ybor City is well known as an historical metropolis that brimmed with a unique and rich cultural heritage fermented amongst various Latin communities transplanted from both the Caribbean and southern Europe. Ybor City’s historiography includes many works that focus on the different ethnic groups who built the well known cigar manufacturing hub, but inadequate focus has been placed on larger economic questions and the apparent social stratification that increasingly lowered the standards of the city’s working class. By relying on Marxist theories about the nature of capitalism and the increasing exploitation of workers necessary for its survival, this archaeological study examines the living spaces actually occupied by cigar workers to demonstrate how impoverished Ybor City’s working class became as time progressed. If capitalism produces the conditions for its own downfall, so would the cigar manufacturing industry of Ybor City sow its own defeat, as its fortunes plunged alongside the living conditions of its working class. This study uses geographic information systems technology to georeference and allow measurement of historic maps of Ybor City and its buildings, visually illustrating how much space was available to its working class families. A correlation of this data with information found in contemporary city directories reveals a decrease over time in the average living space of actual working families. This type of study is especially pertinent today as the same economic force is impoverishing ever increasing numbers of working class families, dooming them to live in socially unacceptable conditions.
Public Education Component: Public displays of archaeological materials in the Ybor City State Museum.
Abstract: Gravestones from the Mare Island Naval Cemetery were recorded, compared, and analyzed for evidence of a connection between the choice of gravestone style, material, or location with five aspects of identity: age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. The cemetery is separated into six sections, labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F. Data on gravestone style, material, and location were collected during two public cultural resources surveys in collaboration with the City of Vallejo. Historical research supplemented the data gathered on site. Data was gathered for all 903 gravestones within the cemetery. Analysis of these data included a spatial analysis of maps pertaining to the five aspects of identity and statistical analysis using chi-square and Cramer’s V to determine the level of association between two variables. The spatial analysis indicates that individuals with a monthly income of $90.00 or more as well as individuals of a higher ranking occupation were located at the top of the hill in the cemetery in Section A and the top of Section C. Section A, at the top of the hill, also contained the most youth (age 17 and younger). These data suggest these areas were reserved for high ranking or upper-class individuals and their families. Statistical analysis indicated that none of the aspects of identity had a strong influence on the choice of gravestone material or style, which suggests an equality in death regarding style and material.
Public Education Component: Elaine delivered a series of informational presentations on her research, both in Florida and in California, as well as providing the cemetery of her focus with data to inform its ongoing interpretive endeavors.
Abstract:With its headwaters in Alabama and terminus in Blackwater Bay, the Blackwater River is the major river of Santa Rosa County, Florida. For centuries this river has played an integral role in the development of northwest Florida as the primary avenue for transporting resources, goods, and people in and out of the interior of this area. In 2013 the Bagdad Waterfronts Florida Partnership, Inc., contacted Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) Northwest Region office seeking assistance in developing a heritage outreach program distinct to and representative of the local waterfront communities. Utilizing maritime landscape theory, a maritime heritage trail was envisioned to present the river’s cultural resources, both on land and underwater. The focus of this master’s thesis research, the Blackwater Maritime Heritage Trail encompasses a 4.1 mile (6.60 km, 3.56 nm) stretch of the river, promotes local heritage, and lays a framework for future trail development and expansion.
Public Education Component: Ben’s entire thesis had a public focus and the Blackwater River Maritime Heritage Trail will be a popular and informative heritage tourism attraction for Santa Rosa County for years to come.
Abstract: A very unique high school archaeology education program was implemented in Santa Rosa County, Florida, in 2008. Florida Public Archaeology (FPAN) partnered with Milton High School to create a joint education program in which high school students could take a year-long elective to receive hands-on training in archaeological methods and principles. Graduate students from the University of West Florida’s Department of Anthropology directed the students in real-world excavations at the site of an 1830s brickyard, known as the Scott Site (8SR1917), located along the Blackwater River not far from the high school. Those excavations resulted in the research discussed in this thesis. This study presents the project and the results of investigations, which illustrate the archaeological importance of historic brickyard research.
The historic brickyard that is the Scott Site is intricately linked to the development in Pensacola during Florida’s early American Period. As a result of the development of a large U.S. military complex in the newly obtained territory of Florida, Pensacola experienced a historic brick boom in the 1830s. The opportunity to profit from brick manufacturing prompted many individuals to establish brickyards along the region’s numerous waterways. Industrial slavery became integral to the region’s development as slaves were utilized almost exclusively in both brick manufacturing in the area and in the construction of Pensacola’s Naval Yard and four Third System forts intended to guard Pensacola Pass.
Archaeological investigations of the Scott Site were used to conduct a comparative landscape analysis between the Scott Site brickyard and brickyards previously studied by Dr. Lucy Wayne in South Carolina as part of her dissertation research. Wayne documented a series xiii of intrasite patterns that make up the landscape of historic brickyards in the Wando River basin of the South Carolina Lowcountry outside the Charleston area and, in essence, she created a brickyard landscape model. This thesis expands Wayne’s original concept of intrasite patterns to incorporate an industrial context, which allows brickyards to be understood as a single industrial complex consisting of two major components, operational and occupational. The landscape of the Scott Site brickyard is then compared to Wayne’s model to test the applicability of the model on a cross-regional scale. Wayne’s postulate that historic brickyards contain a slave occupational area in the upland portions of the sites is also tested. Collectively, this research puts forward several key concepts: 1) the study demonstrates that Wayne’s brickyard landscape model is applicable outside the region of its origin, 2) the research illustrates the historical significance of Pensacola’s historic brickyards, and 3) the research establishes the archaeological significance of brickyards as a major foci of the archaeology of slavery in the region.
Public Education Component:Jess’s thesis continued a partnership with Milton High School students to undertake archaeological investigations of the Scott Site. During his work, these high school students had the opportunity to gain real experience as professional archaeologists.
Abstract: Incorporating archaeology within the high school curricula fosters an interest in archaeology and site preservation. The Milton High School Archaeology Project provides students the opportunity to experience and participate in archaeological research. At a 19th-century brickyard, students learn anthropology and their local history through hands-on excavations. Through the use of Project-Based Learning (PBL), students conducted archaeological and historical research and presented their work in the form of a museum exhibit at the Florida Public Archaeological Network’s Destination Archaeology Resources Center museum for the public and their parents. The Milton High School Archaeology Project provides an example of how archaeology can easily and effectively be integrated into high school educational standards. Quantitative and qualitative data collected throughout the 2016-2017 school year shows how archaeology education leads to increased awareness of and appreciation for heritage sites.
Public Education Component:The data produced from Emma’s research will inform high school curricula regarding archaeology and heritage studies, enabling more meaningful and engaging programs to educate and inform students and producing advocates for archaeology and historic preservation.
Abstract: This research focuses on utilizing citizen scientists to assist archaeologists in tracking the movement and degradation of beached/coastal shipwreck sites and disarticulated timbers. Historically Florida’s coastal regions have been some of the most treacherous navigable waterways for mariners due to high wave turbidity, oceanic currents, and meteorological phenomena. As such, thousands of ships have ultimately met their demise along Florida coasts. The Shipwreck Tagging Archaeological Management Program (STAMP) program, partnering with the National Park Service at Gulf Islands National Seashore, tested on-going data collection through public engagement and citizen science.
Public Education Component: The STAMP program, developed by Austin as his thesis project, centered on enabling beachcombers and visitors to become citizen scientists by participating in scanning tagged beached shipwreck timbers to record their locations and conditions. STAMP has since been adopted by the National Park Service and several coastal states as a cultural resource management tool.